我们人类语言的进化
HumanSpeechEvolutionGetsLip-SmackingEvidence
人类语言的进化有了咂嘴的证据
WhetherportrayedbyRexHarrison,EddieMurphyorRobertDowney,Jr.,DoctorDolittlelearnedtotalktoanimals.Butinreality,sciencehasremainedsomedistancefromsolvingthelong-standingquestionofhowwehumanslearnedtotalkduringourevolution.
无论是由RexHarrison、EddieMurphy还是RobertDowney,Jr.饰演的Dolittle医生,都学会了与动物说话。在现实中,人类如何在进化中学会交流的,科学解释这一长期存在的问题还有一定距离。
Here’sonenewclue:ateamofresearchersinGreatBritainhavedemonstratedhowtherapidsuccessionofopening-andclosing-mouthrhythmsbychimpanzees—knownas“lipsmacking”—mimicsthenaturalpaceofhumanmouthstalking.ThefindingsareinthejournalBiologyLetters.
这里有一新线索:在英国的研究团队展示了黑猩猩快速张口闭口的节奏,被认为是咂嘴,是模仿人类嘴巴交谈的自然节奏。这一发现发布在《生物学报》杂志上。
Thisphenomenonhasbeenobservedbeforeinotherapespecieswhoperformedlip-smackingmovementsataroundfivehertz,whichfallswithinarangeofmouthopensandclosescharacteristicofallspokenlanguages,namelybetweentwoandsevenhertz.Butthislip-smackingtimingconnectionhadnotbeenmadeinourclosestevolutionaryrelatives—untilnow.
这种现象在其他类人猿中也曾观察到,它们咂嘴动作频率在5赫兹左右,这符合所有语言中嘴巴张开闭合的节奏,在2到7赫兹范围内。但是这一咂嘴没有和我们进化有什么联系,直到现在。
“Mouthandvocalsignalswithspeechlikerhythmshadalreadybeenobservedinsomemonkeys,gibbonsandorangutans,oneofourclosestgreataperelatives.Sothelastyearshadseenaccumulatingevidencethattheserhythms—otherthansomethingthattalkinghumansdo—thatthiswasarhythmfromdeeperwithinourprimateancestry,recycled,sotospeak,asacornerstoneforspeechevolution.”
“在猴子、长臂猿和猩猩上观测到类似语言节奏的嘴和可听见的语音信号,猩猩是和我们最亲近的猿人之一。在过去的几年发现,不断有证据表明,这些节奏除了是像人类说话的节奏之外,还是我们灵长类动物的祖先更深层的节奏,可以说,它是成为语言进化的基石。”
AdrianoLameiraoftheUniversityofWarwick,wholedthestudy.
来自Warwick大学的AdrianoLameira发起了这项研究。
“Butthesenseofevolutionarycontinuitytowardspeechstillhadabiggaptocross—theAfricanapes.Therewasnoevidenceforspeechlikerhythm,neitheringorillas,bonobos,norchimpanzees.”
“但是对于语言进化的延续性,非洲猿人仍有一个很大的差距。无论是大猩猩、倭黑猩猩还是黑猩猩都没有语言的节奏。”
Thestudyfollowedtwocaptivepopulationsofchimpanzees,oneintheU.K.andoneinGermany,aswellastwowildpopulationsinUganda.Researchersobservedlipsmackingatanaverageof4.15hertz.Theymadealltheirobservationswheneverachimpanzeewasgroominganother.Thinkofahairdresserengaginginidlechatterwithacustomeratthebeautysalon.
研究跟踪调查了两个圈养的黑猩猩物种,一个在英国,一个在德国,还有两个在乌干达的野生种群。研究人员观察到咂嘴的平均频率实在4.15赫兹左右。他们的观察是在黑猩猩给另一只黑猩猩梳理毛发的时候进行的。想象一下理发师在美容院与顾客闲聊。
“Theconfirmationofspeechlikerhythmofthemouthinchimpanzeesdoesnotreveal,perse,howlanguagecameaboutinourownlineage.Butitoffersthefinalconfirmationtoscientiststhatwearelookingattherightplace,thatweareontherighttracktosolvethismysteryandthatgreatapesincaptivityandthewildstillhavetorevealalltheirsecretsabouthumannatureandhumanorigins.”
“从本质来讲,对于猩猩说话的嘴的语言节奏并没有说明语言是如何从自身血统中出现的。但是它提供了一个最终的证明给科学家,我们找对了地方,我们找对了正确的轨道解决谜题,圈养和野生的类人猿仍然需要揭示所有关于人类自然和人类起源的秘密。”
Lameiraalsonotesthatvariationinlip-smacktimesbothbetweenandwithinthechimpgroupsdonotappeartobehardwired.Ratherthelip-smackingvariabilitylikelyreflectedhowindividualdifferencesandenvironmentalfactors,andevensocialconventions,affecthowchimpanzees
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